Fascinating research on economic history by Profs Gregory Clark and Neil Cummins.
They try figure decline in Northern England compared to Southern England. They use surnames to figure migration and development which raced in South but not North:
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If lack of migration causes backwardness, why isn’t Japan more backwards? There are plenty of historical factors behind the ‘decline’ of northern England. Northern England has lagged behind the south even when it was the north receiving the most migration (eg Danelaw). It has always been more remote from trade and has less favorable climate.
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